祁连山坡地草场水土流失回归模型的建立

通过对祁连山坡地草场过度、中度和轻度放牧类型产生水土流失的数据分析，运用回归分析及方差显著性检验对径流量和土壤流失量、降水强度对水土流失量的影响情况进行了分析，结果表明，过度放牧观测小区水土流失量（E）与径流量（F）、径流系数（C）及降水量（P）之间呈现E=68.4831 3.9532F-0.8586C-11.1243P的拟合关系（r=0.9091），中度放牧地呈现E=2.8184 0.8692F-0.3325C-0.6627P的拟合关系（r=0.9734），轻度放牧呈现E=-0.0019-0.0781F-0.0009C-0.0005P的拟合关系（r=0.8986）。同时指出当降水强度一定时，坡地草场由于放牧强度不同，其径流系数差异显著，过度放牧草地在雨季有较大降水量是流域内产生水土流失的主要来源。     

Seasonal changes of understorey herbage yield in relation to light intensity and soil moisture content in a Pinus pinaster plantation

The relationship of understorey herbage yield with light intensity and soil moisture content was investigated in a 20-year-old Pinus pinaster plantation in Kilkis of Macedonia, northern Greece, in three seasons (fall, winter and spring). The plantation was thinned at three density levels, high, medium and low (2500, 1750 and 1000 trees/ha respectively) and it was seeded with Dactylis glomerata. In addition, two fertilization levels (0 and 110 N+150 P₂O₅ kg/ha) and grazing intensity levels (0 and 0.8 sheep/ha/yr) were applied in a split-split plot experimental design. It was found that herbage yield was highest in the ungrazed and fertilized low tree density stands in all seasons. In the medium tree density stand, although light was lacking, fertilized plots produced higher herbage yield as compared to unfertilized low tree density stands while fertilization is of no use in close stands if herbage production is the goal. Animals seemed to prefer fertilized and medium density stands. Third degree polynomial equations were the best to explain herbage variation through the seasons both in fertilized and unfertilized plots.     

带农具拖拉机地头转弯最佳路径设计

拖拉机在进行田间作业时,其自动行驶控制主要包含轨道设计和沿着所给轨道行驶的追踪控制两个方面.本研究采用最优控制理论,设计了带农具拖拉机利用前进挡工作时进行地头转弯的最佳路径.程序运行结果表明,其计算时间短,能够保证拖拉机自动行驶控制时的实时控制.     

基于最优轨迹跟踪的地下铲运机无人驾驶技术

结合地下巷道的特殊应用环境,提出了一种基于最优轨迹跟踪的铲运机无人驾驶技术。铲运机在无人驾驶时,通过车载传感器实时获取其实际的行驶轨迹相对于最优路径轨迹的偏差信息,包括横向位置偏差和航向角偏差,将偏差信息进行充分融合后,通过实时控制并调整铲运机前后铰接角的大小实现位置和航向角偏差不断趋向于零,以达到较好的跟踪最优路径轨迹目的。结合实际应用对算法进行了仿真测试,在模拟巷道环境下,利用2 m3铲运机验证了该无人驾驶技术,模拟实际环境下的实验结果证明,基于最优轨迹跟踪的方法可实现铲运机的无人驾驶。     

荷电雾滴运动轨迹的模拟研究

应用静电喷雾技术进行病虫害防治有着广阔的前景。论文在理论分析与实验研究的基础上,归纳出描述不同电压下雾滴喷出时的雾化角的拟合计算公式,建立了荷电雾滴的运动模型,采用时间增量法对荷电雾滴运动轨迹模型进行了求解,根据粒子系统原理,在Windows开发平台上,运用编程软件VC++和三维动画标准OpenGL,应用VC对话框编程技术实现参数自动输入,实现了在不同电压下雾滴雾化情况和雾滴运动轨迹的模拟。模拟软件用户界面良好,使用方便,为进一步深入研究静电喷雾的雾滴运动过程、雾滴沉积分布特性以及评价静电喷雾效果提供了一种新的方法。     

转弯河段重力坝组合挑流消能建筑物体型优化试验研究

针对某大型水电站采用组合挑流消能方式时其消力池下游河道转弯、水流归槽难等问题,对2种泄洪消能建筑物体型布置方案的水力特性开展对比试验,获得挑流水舌及入水形态、消力池内流态及出池水流衔接等水力参数;通过体型优化,获得了满足设计要求的推荐方案,消除原设计方案中消力池底部冲刷严重,出池水流偏离主河槽且与下游河道衔接不佳,河道水位波动较大等不利水力学条件.     

泵站前池非连续挑流消能防沙技术措施

通过前池水力过流情况分析和改造前现场试验,发现前池流态紊乱导致了田山一级泵站机组的剧烈振动和颤振.提出了由非连续底坎、非连续挑流墩和两道压水板组成的非连续挑流消能防沙技术措施,并对改造后泵站的运行情况进行了现场试验.试验结果表明,采用技术措施改造后,前池、进水池流态和水泵进水条件得到了显著的改善,池中断面流速分布趋于均匀且断面紊动能量明显降低;测试机组单泵流量平均提高了0.14 m3/s,水泵效率平均提高了4.99%,泵站装置效率平均提高了3.88%;消除了泵体颤振,使水泵喇叭口振动标准由4.5级烈度降低到1.8级烈度;减缓了前池和进水池泥沙淤积,使试验前池和进水池清淤时间由改造前的运行800h延长至改造后的运行1 300 h,防沙效果良好.非连续挑流消能防沙措施为多泥沙河流泵站技术改造提供了一种简单有效的方法.     

Effects of Land Use and Wildfires on the Habitat Selection of Great Bustard (Otis tarda l.)—Implications for Species Conservation

Increasing agricultural activities have been shown to affect soil and vegetation changes leading to serious biodiversity declines throughout the world. These effects are amplified in dry grassland areas, where resulting changes in habitat structure affect threatened animals on long temporal scales. Great bustards (Otis tarda) inhabit open landscapes where fire and grazing have been a part of the natural disturbance regime since historical times. Even fire and grazing are hypothesized to be important factors in the lifecycle of the species, studies are still missing on disturbance‐related lekking distribution patterns of great bustards. We analyzed the importance of fires and grazing on the spatial distribution of lekking bustards controlling for habitat types, habitat diversity, distance from roads and social effects. Our standardized dataset spanned 31 years, being one of the largest datasets on bustard lekking. During the 31 years we observed 10 118 individuals at 639 observation points in Hortobágy National Park, East‐Hungary. One of the most important predictors for total number of birds and number of males was the area burnt in previous years. We found that increased habitat diversity had a positive effect on female numbers. Models fit on second‐ and third‐year burn data detected no substantial role of burning on lekking distribution. Our results suggest that introduction of a patch‐burning management system in lekking areas could increase the availability of optimal lek sites for bustards. As an effective management tool, we suggest applying patch‐burning annually in a spatially mosaic structure inside the area occupied by each sub‐population unit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑河流域草地资源保护与建设

黑河流域除绿洲地区外有160万hm2的草地,进行草地分户、围栏封育、人工改良草地;牧户按地定畜、优化牧场、推广良种、改良畜群;按草定牧、实行休牧和轮牧;革新观念、子羔出栏、加速出栏周期、保障牧民增收等措施可保护草地资源,加速草地建设,繁荣牧区经济.     

放牧季节及放牧强度对高寒草地植物多样性的影响

在海北高寒草地进行了7年轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧试验,并用围栏控制放牧进行对照.试验显示,物种丰富度和均匀度在夏季牧场和冬季牧场出现不同的变化.在夏季牧场,物种丰富度随着放牧强度的增强而增强,而均匀度则随着放牧强度的增强而下降;在冬季牧场,物种丰富度和放牧之间呈现驼峰反应模式,说明植物的丰富度在中度放牧强度时达到最大.不同牧场生物多样性变化的模式说明夏季牧场放牧强度不足.